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in dollars In Europe, money is represented in euros To handle the cultural and language differences, C# uses format providers A format provider defines the way that a format specifier will be interpreted A format provider is created by implementing the IFormatProvider interface, which defines the GetFormat( ) method Format providers are predefined for the built-in numeric types and many other types in the NET Framework In general, you can format data without having to worry about specifying a format provider, and format providers are not examined further in this book To format data, include a format specifier in a call to a method that supports formatting The use of format specifiers was introduced in 3, but is worthwhile reviewing here The discussion that follows uses ConsoleWriteLine( ), but the same basic approach applies to other methods that support formatting To format data using WriteLine( ), use the version of WriteLine( ) shown here: WriteLine( format string , arg0, arg1, , argN); In this version, the arguments to WriteLine( ) are separated by commas and not + signs The format string contains two items: regular, printing characters that are displayed as-is, and format items (also called format commands) Format items take this general form: {argnum, width: fmt} Here, argnum specifies the number of the argument (starting from zero) to display The minimum width of the field is specified by width, and the format specifier is represented by a string in fmt Both width and fmt are optional Thus, in its simplest form, a format item simply indicates which argument to display For example, {0} indicates arg0, {1} specifies arg1, and so on During execution, when a format item is encountered in the format string, the corresponding argument, as specified by argnum, is substituted and displayed Thus, it is the position of a format item within the format string that determines where its matching data will be displayed It is the argument number that determines which argument will be formatted If fmt is present, then the data is displayed using the specified format Otherwise, the default format is used If width is present, then output is padded with spaces to ensure that the minimum field width is attained If width is positive, output is right-justified If width is negative, output is left-justified The remainder of this chapter examines formatting and format specifiers in detail.

There are several format specifiers defined for numeric data They are shown in Table 22-4 Each format specifier can include an optional precision specifier For example, to specify that a value be represented as a fixed-point value with two decimal places, use F2 As explained, the precise effect of certain format specifiers depends upon the cultural settings For example, the currency specifier, C, automatically displays a value in the monetary format of the selected culture For most users, the default cultural information matches their locale and language Thus, the same format specifier can be used without concern about the cultural context in which the program is executed

22:

Resubstituting the expression for ( x) gives [exp( cos3 x) ] sin x cos2 x dx = 1 exp( cos3 x) + C 3

Format Currency (that is, a monetary value) Same as C Whole number numeric data (Use with integers only) Same as D Scientific notation (uses uppercase E) Scientific notation (uses lowercase e) Fixed-point notation Same as F Use either E or F format, whichever is shorter Use either e or f format, whichever is shorter Fixed-point notation, with comma separators Same as N Percentage Same as P Numeric value that can be parsed, using Parse( ), back into its equivalent internal form (This is called the round-trip format) Hexadecimal (uses uppercase letters A through F) Hexadecimal (uses lowercase letters a through f)

Meaning of Precision Specifier Specifies the number of decimal places Minimum number of digits Leading zeros will be used to pad the result, if necessary Specifies the number of decimal places The default is six Specifies the number of decimal places The default is six Specifies the number of decimal places See E and F See e and f Specifies the number of decimal places Specifies the number of decimal places Not used

Minimum number of digits Leading zeros will be used to pad the result, if necessary Minimum number of digits Leading zeros will be used to pad the result if necessary

TABLE 22-4

exp( x) + exp( x) dx exp( x) exp( x)

Consider this revision option:

Here is a program that demonstrates several of the numeric format specifiers:

// Demonstrate various format specifiers using System; class FormatDemo { static void Main() { double v = 1768865849; double v2 = 015; int x = 21; ConsoleWriteLine("{0:F2}", v); ConsoleWriteLine("{0:N5}", v);

Part II:

For clarity, we set ( x) = exp( x) exp( x) , ( x) = exp( x) + exp( x) Then our integral becomes ( x) dx = ln | ( x) | + C ( x) Resubstituting the expression for ( x) gives exp( x) + exp( x) dx = ln exp( x) exp( x) + C exp( x) exp( x)

ConsoleWriteLine("{0:e}", v); ConsoleWriteLine("{0:r}", v); ConsoleWriteLine("{0:p}", v2); ConsoleWriteLine("{0:X}", x); ConsoleWriteLine("{0:D12}", x); ConsoleWriteLine("{0:C}", 18999); } }

The output is shown here: