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First, notice that the code in Tick( ) is contained within a lock block Recall, Wait( ) and Pulse( ) can be used only inside synchronized blocks The method begins by checking the value of the running parameter This parameter is used to provide a clean shutdown of the clock If it is false, then the clock has been stopped If this is the case, a call to Pulse( ) is made to enable any waiting thread to run We will return to this point in a moment Assuming the clock is running when Tick( ) executes, the word Tick is displayed, and then a call to Pulse( ) takes place followed by a call to Wait( ) The call to Pulse( ) allows a thread waiting on the same lock to run The call to Wait( ) causes Tick( ) to suspend until another thread calls Pulse( ) Thus, when Tick( ) is called, it displays one Tick, lets another thread run, and then suspends The Tock( ) method is an exact copy of Tick( ), except that it displays Tock Thus, when entered, it displays Tock, calls Pulse( ), and then waits When viewed as a pair, a call to Tick( ) can be followed only by a call to Tock( ), which can be followed only by a call to Tick( ), and so on Therefore, the two methods are mutually synchronized The reason for the call to Pulse( ) when the clock is stopped is to allow a final call to Wait( ) to succeed Remember, both Tick( ) and Tock( ) execute a call to Wait( ) after displaying their message The problem is that when the clock is stopped, one of the methods will still be waiting Thus, a final call to Pulse( ) is required in order for the waiting method to run As an experiment, try removing this call to Pulse( ) inside Tick( ) and watch what happens As you will see, the program will hang, and you will need to press ctrl-c to exit The reason for this is that when the final call to Tock( ) calls Wait( ), there is no corresponding call to Pulse( ) that lets Tock( ) conclude Thus, Tock( ) just sits there, waiting forever Before moving on, if you have any doubt that the calls to Wait( ) and Pulse( ) are actually needed to make the clock run right, substitute this version of TickTock into the preceding program It has all calls to Wait( ) and Pulse( ) removed.

// A nonfunctional version of TickTock class TickTock { object lockOn = new object(); public void Tick(bool running) { lock(lockOn) { if(!running) { // stop the clock return; } ConsoleWrite("Tick "); } } public void Tock(bool running) { lock(lockOn) { if(!running) { // stop the clock return; } ConsoleWriteLine("Tock"); } } }

R = (_ 2,10) S = (_ 1,5)

Part II:

After the substitution, the output produced by the program will look like this:

Clearly, the Tick( ) and Tock( ) methods are no longer synchronized!

We could just as easily have used the points S = ( 1, 5) and T = ( 1, 5) : m= 5 ( 5) = 5 1 1

.

When developing multithreaded programs, you must be careful to avoid deadlock and race conditions Deadlock is, as the name implies, a situation in which one thread is waiting for another thread to do something, but that other thread is waiting on the first Thus, both threads are suspended, waiting for each other, and neither executes This situation is analogous to two overly polite people both insisting that the other step through a door first! Avoiding deadlock seems easy, but it s not For example, deadlock can occur in roundabout ways Consider the TickTock class As explained, if a final Pulse( ) is not executed by Tick( ) or Tock( ), then one or the other will be waiting indefinitely and the program is deadlocked Often the cause of the deadlock is not readily understood simply by looking at the source code to the program, because concurrently executing threads can interact in complex ways at runtime To avoid deadlock, careful programming and thorough testing is required In general, if a multithreaded program occasionally hangs, deadlock is the likely cause A race condition occurs when two (or more) threads attempt to access a shared resource at the same time, without proper synchronization For example, one thread may be writing a new value to a variable while another thread is incrementing the variable s current value Without synchronization, the new value of the variable will depend on the order in which the threads execute (Does the second thread increment the original value or the new value written by the first thread ) In situations like this, the two threads are said to be racing each other, with the final outcome determined by which thread finishes first Like deadlock, a race condition can occur in difficult-to-discover ways The solution is prevention: careful programming that properly synchronizes access to shared resources.

Placing the modifying phrase next to the word or phrase that it is intended to modify solves this problem

It is possible to synchronize an entire method by using the MethodImplAttribute attribute This approach can be used as an alternative to the lock statement in cases in which the entire contents of a method are to be locked MethodImplAttribute is defined within the SystemRuntimeCompilerServices namespace The constructor that applies to synchronization is shown here: public MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions methodImplOptions) Here, methodImplOptions specifies the implementation attribute To synchronize a method, specify MethodImplOptionsSynchronized This attribute causes the entire method to be locked on the instance (that is, via this) (In the case of static methods, the type is locked on) Thus, it must not be used on a public object or with a public class Here is a rewrite of the TickTock class that uses MethodImplAttribute to provide synchronization:

23:

In this example, the line falls 5 units for each 1 unit of left-to-right motion The negativity of the slope indicates that the line is falling The concept of slope is undefined for a vertical line Such a line will have any two points with the same x-coordinate, and calculation of slope would result in division by 0